The Holocaust may have played a role
They believe that God wants us to use our free will, which means that proselytizing isn’t kosher (har har.) Where Christianity and Islam have spread pretty aggressively (often literally), missionary work or let alone forcing people to convert is anathema to Judaism
Judaism tries to disincentive people to convert while Islam and Christianity both try/have tried very hard to convert people, often at the tip of the sword.
Okay just to make something clear: While Muslim rule spread by force, getting told “comvert or die” was generally a very rare occurrence. Better living conditions for non-Muslims were a thing depending on the time and place, but even then the Islamization of the modern Muslim world outside Arabia was a very gradual process that took, for example, four hundred years in Egypt of one-sided cultural osmosis. Admittedly there was some foul play involved at some points, but almost nobody was converted at the tip of a sword.
Convert, pay up an extortionate tax and/or become a slave, or die, is forced conversion.
Is the disincentive effort a filter? To weed out those who are not fully committed?
It’s because new religions always cherry pick the parts they like of old religions and then eventually replace them entirely. Judaism itself was just made up from parts of Zoroastrianism and Hellenism and Babylonian beliefs.
It’s all bullshit anyway so it hardly matters. Religions change as needed to meet the changing wants and needs of the people who follow them. A Christian from the time of the crusades would probably be horrified by what is considered to be Christianity today.
I am not a historian but my bet would be that it’s ultimately a political question.
Christianity was the religion of the late and medieval Roman Empire, and later of the western European colonial empires.
Islam was a religion that became a caliphate and a series of empires afterwards.
There has never been a Jewish empire, and the Jewish kingdoms (Hellenistic Israel, the Khazar khanate, Beta Israel) have been small, non impetial and relatively short lived.
