I’m primarily talking about stuff like step counters, but also health apps measuring your heart rate, how many stairs you take, the length of your steps, and so on. I’m honest when you tell me to explain it to me like I’m five years old, this one boggles my mind.
It has three sensors that notice if it is changing speed up/down, left/right or back/forth.
A step will result in a speed increase up (foot go from still to up), followed by a sharp speed increase down (foot go from up to down), then “up” again (foot go from down to stop).
Going up a stair causes the same but different timing between the speed changes.
If you are on Android, the Physics Toolbox Suite can let you look at the exact values it is measuring.
In addition to that, it uses GPS, WiFi, and Bluetooth signals to pinpoint your location very precisely, and can use that to calculate the distances you travel and the number of steps it takes you to get there.
It can also put all of these data points together to tell things like your height and weight. It can only guesstimate things like your heart rate based on your age and BMI, but smartwatches these days have actual heart rate monitors, and pulse and oxygen meters built-in and can share that data with your phone.
The most basic way to measure movement is with an accelerometer. It’s a little component inside your phone that has a small weight with a known mass connected to springs. When the phone moves or rotates, the weight moves, and the tension on the springs changes. The tension is either constant (you rotated your phone and are now holding it in the new position) or temporary (you moved in a direction and stopped). There are other ways this can be done, but this is the most conceptually simple.
Steps, length of step, distance moved, and heart rate can be estimated from analyzing the movement in various ways.
For example, to detect a step, your phone might see movement slightly up and forward, then down, then a jarring impact. Heart rate can be estimated based on your entered weight in an app, your speed of movement, how long you’ve been moving, and averages for people of your weight moving in those ways. This is a very inaccurate way to measure your heart rate, however. A better way would be by a sensor located on your wrist, arm, or chest, which is what smart watches often do.
Movement measured by an accelerometer can quickly become inaccurate, because small errors add up over time, so for movement over longer distances, phones generally use GPS (communication with a satellite positioning system) which is accurate to within about 5 meters.
If GPS isn’t available, but the phone is connected to multiple cell phone towers, then it’s possible to triangulate the position of the phone given the tower locations. If we know the distance and direction to the towers, and the position of the towers, then we can find the location of the phone by basically adding an offset to one of the tower locations.
There are other, more niche ways to measure positions without triangulation or GPS, but they’re generally used for autonomous robotics - laser positioning with reflectors, ultra-wide-band positioning with special sensors, or visual positioning with cameras surrounding the region in which the robot will be working.
Let me know if you have any further questions.
For completing your nice explanation, here is the DeepL translation of the section in German Wikipedia on micro accelerometers:
In recent years, miniaturised acceleration sensors have become increasingly important. These are micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and are usually made of silicon. These sensors are spring-mass systems in which the “springs” are silicon bars only a few μm wide and the mass is also made of silicon. Due to the deflection during acceleration, a change in electrical capacitance can be measured between the spring-mounted part and a fixed reference electrode. The entire measuring range corresponds to a capacitance change of approx. 1 pF. The electronics for analysing this small change in capacitance are housed on the same integrated circuit (IC).
There are also variants in which piezoresistive resistors are attached to the bending beam by ion implantation, which change their resistance according to the bending and thus allow conclusions to be drawn about the acceleration.
Your phone has something called an accelerometer in it, it’s a sensor that can tell the orientation of the device. It tracks your rhythm with the phone swinging left and right to tell when you take a step or climbed some stairs. Many apps also use your GPS location to give you a rough estimate if your accelerometer isn’t up for it.
The sensor to detect the orientation of the phone is the gyroscope sensor not the accelerometer, which is only there to measure acceleration of the phone.
Not quite right. The gyroscope tracks rotation. It’s really good at telling when your phone is making rapid turns, but has a a really hard time knowing the difference between a stationary phone and one that’s turning very slowly. It also can’t tell which direction it’s starting from.
The accelerometer is used to tell which way is down, by averaging the acceleration of gravity over time. It can get confused while the phone is in motion, but when things slow down it keeps the gyroscope from wandering around.
I was out walking with a friend the other day and he tripped and fell. His watch told him, “It seems you’ve fallen sharply.” He had to tap the screen to stop it calling the emergency services. The other friend walking with us said his wife’s watch tells her to stand up if she’s been sitting too long. “And she does it!” I’m officially a curmudgeon, grumbling about tech taking over.
As someone who did not stand up often enough, listen to it. I can barely sit for 15 minutes now without being in excruciating pain. The only chairs I can comfortably sit in are recliners. I’m only 40 now, and my problem started at least a decade ago. It’s common advice for a reason.
Magnets.
Seriously.
B is the magnetic field. Both B and E fields generate measurable forces.
In particular, magnetic forces require the charge to be moving. If v = 0, the term v × B = 0, i.e. it disappears. The equation above is really why magnets are able to do stuff.
Some materials are just naturally “more chill with” having its charges magnetized into motion. These are your permanent magnets. Electromagnets use an external source to generate an electric current, which is charge in motion, which generates the magnetic field.
It’s wildly more complicated than that, like it’s literally several college courses, but IMO that’s the gist of it.
