I was aware that indeed the trait and lifetime bounds were an artifact of the Tokio work-stealing behavior, but Evan makes a very well-explained case for why we might want to consider stepping away from such behavior as a default in Rust. If anything, it makes me thankful the Rust team is taking a slow-and-steady approach to the whole async thing instead of just making Tokio part of the standard library as some have wished for. Hopefully this gets the consideration it deserves and we all end up with a more ergonomic solution in the end.
Despite using Tokio underneath, I think that Actix does NOT do work stealing and uses mostly separate threads:
Given this architecture, I think the article might inaccurate when it says that Actix handlers must be Send + Sync. See also: https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/14cbe1u/why_does_actixwebs_handler_not_require_send/
Actix is a bit weird, but it has been around, and used in production, for a relatively long time.
I skimmed the latter parts of this post since I felt like I read it all before, but I think moro is new to me. I was intrigued to find out how scoped span exactly behaves.
async fn slp() {
tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await
}
async fn _main() {
let value = 22;
let result_fut = moro::async_scope!(|scope| {
dbg!(); // line 8
let future1 = scope.spawn(async {
slp().await;
dbg!(); // line 11
let future2 = scope.spawn(async {
slp().await;
dbg!(); // line 14
value // access stack values that outlive scope
});
slp().await;
dbg!(); // line 18
let v = future2.await * 2;
v
});
slp().await;
dbg!(); // line 25
let v = future1.await * 2;
slp().await;
dbg!(); // line 28
v
});
slp().await;
dbg!(); // line 32
let result = result_fut.await;
eprintln!("{result}"); // prints 88
}
fn main() {
// same output with `new_current_thread()` of course
let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
.enable_all()
.build()
.unwrap();
rt.block_on(_main())
}
This prints:
[src/main.rs:32:5]
[src/main.rs:8:9]
[src/main.rs:25:9]
[src/main.rs:11:13]
[src/main.rs:18:13]
[src/main.rs:14:17]
[src/main.rs:28:9]
88
So scoped spawn doesn’t really spawn tasks as one might mistakenly think!
I think I would put the emphasis slightly differently: I don’t feel the confusion is around the word “spawn”, but it spawns futures rather than tasks. For tasks you might indeed expect them to be picked up in the background (which is what work-stealing does), but futures only execute when polled.
but futures only execute when polled.
The most interesting part here is the polling only has to take place on the scope itself. That was actually what I wanted to check, but got distracted because all spawns are awaited in the scope in moro’s README example.
async fn slp() {
tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await
}
async fn _main() {
let result_fut = moro::async_scope!(|scope| {
dbg!("d1");
scope.spawn(async {
dbg!("f1a");
slp().await;
slp().await;
slp().await;
dbg!("f1b");
});
dbg!("d2"); // 11
scope.spawn(async {
dbg!("f2a");
slp().await;
slp().await;
dbg!("f2b");
});
dbg!("d3"); // 14
scope.spawn(async {
dbg!("f3a");
slp().await;
dbg!("f3b");
});
dbg!("d4");
async { dbg!("b1"); } // never executes
});
slp().await;
dbg!("o1");
let _ = result_fut.await;
}
fn main() {
let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
.enable_all()
.build()
.unwrap();
rt.block_on(_main())
}
[src/main.rs:32:5] "o1" = "o1"
[src/main.rs:7:9] "d1" = "d1"
[src/main.rs:15:9] "d2" = "d2"
[src/main.rs:22:9] "d3" = "d3"
[src/main.rs:28:9] "d4" = "d4"
[src/main.rs:9:13] "f1a" = "f1a"
[src/main.rs:17:13] "f2a" = "f2a"
[src/main.rs:24:13] "f3a" = "f3a"
[src/main.rs:26:13] "f3b" = "f3b"
[src/main.rs:20:13] "f2b" = "f2b"
[src/main.rs:13:13] "f1b" = "f1b"
The non-awaited jobs are run concurrently as the moro docs say. But what if we immediately await f2?
[src/main.rs:32:5] "o1" = "o1"
[src/main.rs:7:9] "d1" = "d1"
[src/main.rs:15:9] "d2" = "d2"
[src/main.rs:9:13] "f1a" = "f1a"
[src/main.rs:17:13] "f2a" = "f2a"
[src/main.rs:20:13] "f2b" = "f2b"
[src/main.rs:22:9] "d3" = "d3"
[src/main.rs:28:9] "d4" = "d4"
[src/main.rs:24:13] "f3a" = "f3a"
[src/main.rs:13:13] "f1b" = "f1b"
[src/main.rs:26:13] "f3b" = "f3b"
f1 and f2 are run concurrently, f3 is run after f2 finishes, but doesn’t have to wait for f1 to finish, which is maybe obvious, but… (see below).
So two things here:
- Re-using the spawn terminology here irks me for some reason. I don’t know what would be better though. Would
defer_to_scope()be confusing if the job is awaited in the scope? - Even if assumed obvious, a note about execution order when there is a mix of awaited and non-awaited jobs is worth adding to the documentation IMHO.
I’m not sure what tokio (or axum) can do to avoid the trait bounds. Would it makes sense to provide a “share nothing” runtime implementation that can be injected at startup? I wonder how the intermediate layers (e.g. axum) would indicate that futures are usable by a more generic runtime which may or may not need Send + 'static.
Without some way to write generic code for either runtime, the whole tokio ecosystem would end up bifurcated by this choice of runtime.
Would it makes sense to provide a “share nothing” runtime implementation that can be injected at startup?
Isn’t this tokio::task::spawn_local?
