Explanation: Python is a programming language. Numpy is a library for python that makes it possible to run large computations much faster than in native python. In order to make that possible, it needs to keep its own set of data types that are different from python’s native datatypes, which means you now have two different bool types and two different sets of True and False. Lovely.
Mypy is a type checker for python (python supports static typing, but doesn’t actually enforce it). Mypy treats numpy’s bool_ and python’s native bool as incompatible types, leading to the asinine error message above. Mypy is “technically” correct, since they are two completely different classes. But in practice, there is little functional difference between bool and bool_. So you have to do dumb workarounds like declaring every bool values as bool | np.bool_ or casting bool_ down to bool. Ugh. Both numpy and mypy declared this issue a WONTFIX. Lovely.
So you have to do dumb workarounds like declaring every
boolvalues asbool | np.bool_or castingbool_down tobool.
these dumb workarounds prevent you from shooting yourself on the foot and not allowing JS-level shit like "1" + 2 === "12"
The JS thing makes perfect sense though,
“1” is a string. You declared its type by using quotes. myString = "1" in a dynamically typed language is identical to writing string myString = "1" in a statically typed language. You declare it in the symbols used to write it instead of having to manually write out string every single time.
2 is an integer. You know this because you used neither quotes nor a decimal place surrounding it. This is also explicit.
"1" + 2, if your interpreter is working correctly, should do the following
-
identify the operands from left to right, including their types.
-
note that the very first operand in the list is a
stringtype as you explicitly declared it as such by putting it in quotes. -
cast the following operands to
stringif they are not already. -
use the string addition method to add operands together (in this case, this means concatenation).
In the example you provided, "1" + 2 is equivalent to "1" + "2", but you’re making the interpreter do more work.
QED: "1" + 2 should, in fact, === "12", and your lack of ability to handle a language where you declare types by symbols rather than spending extra effort writing the type out as a full english word is your own shortcoming. Learn to declare and handle types in dynamic languages better, don’t blame your own misgivings on the language.
Signed, a software engineer.
Well, C has implicit casts, and it’s not that weird (although results in some interesting bugs in certain circumstances). Python is also funny from time to time, albeit due to different reasons (e.g. -5**2 is apparently -25 because of the order of operations)
"1" + 2 === "12" is not unique to JS (sans the requirement for the third equals sign), it’s a common feature of multiple strongly typed languages. imho it’s fine.
EDIT: I did some testing:
What it works in:
- JS
- TS
- Java
- C#
- C++
- Kotlin
- Groovy
- Scala
- PowerShell
What produces a number, instead of a string:
- PHP
- SQL
- Perl
- VB
- Lua
What it doesn’t work in:
- R
- C
- Go
- Swift
- Rust
- Python
- Pascal
- Ruby
- Objective C
- Julia
- Fortran
- Ada
- Dart
- D
- Elixir
And MATLAB appears to produce 51, wtf idk